# Coercion

`kaal:entity:coercion`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 2 claims that carry the concept tag `coercion`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

2 claims across 2 works, 2013 to 2025.

**2013**

- [2317580-025](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-025) [condition/argued] -- Unlike private contracts, CIAs are not the product of genuine bargaining choice: companies execute them to avoid further prosecution and exclusion from Medicaid and Medicare, so that once the government decides a CIA is warranted, a company that wishes to remain in its industry has its hands tied.
  > If the government decides a CIA is warranted, the company's hands are tied if it wants to continue to operate within its industry.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580

**2025**

- [5583610-013](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-013) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- If LER rewards are set so generously that they effectively purchase shareholder votes, the program becomes disproportionate or coercive and courts will invalidate it.
  > If LERs are disproportionately or coercively implemented, such as for example overly generous voucher rewards that effectively buy stockholder votes, then LER would violate the applicable requirements and risk invalidation by courts.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/coercion.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.