{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/collective-procedures",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:collective-procedures",
 "name": "Collective procedures",
 "termCode": "collective-procedures",
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 4
  },
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-016",
   "text": "Without an opt-out mechanism, European class sizes will likely be substantially smaller than their U.S. counterparts, which in turn depresses settlement amounts and damages awards.",
   "abstract": "Without an opt-out mechanism, European class sizes will likely be substantially smaller than their U.S. counterparts.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "European collective procedures that require plaintiffs to opt in"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-017",
   "text": "The requirement that each plaintiff show individual reliance, followed in most jurisdictions outside the United States, is not merely a substantive difference: it undermines collective litigation because class procedures work only when plaintiffs share common questions of law and fact.",
   "abstract": "This difference in substantive law has an impact on procedural issues because class action lit- igation and collective procedures are easier if plaintiffs in the class share common questions of law and fact.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "jurisdictions that reject the fraud-on-the-market theory"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-018",
   "text": "Despite signs of movement in that direction, there is as yet no genuine European substitute for the U.S. securities class action brought under the fraud-on-the-market theory.",
   "abstract": "There are some signs that European law could be moving in this direction, although thus far there is no genuine Europe- an substitute for the U.S. securities class action under the fraud-on-the-market theory.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "as of the article's 2012 assessment of European collective procedures"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-019",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-019",
   "text": "The German KapMuG does not relieve trial judges of deciding the legal issues in every individual case, so it remains administratively burdensome even though its model case judgment binds the trial courts.",
   "abstract": "The KapMuG, how- ever, does not discharge the trial judges from addressing the legal issues in each and every case individually.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "German model case proceedings for capital markets claims"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'collective-procedures'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}