{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/competitiveness",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:competitiveness",
 "name": "Competitiveness",
 "termCode": "competitiveness",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2012"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-005",
   "text": "Because most national crisis responses took the form of public bail-outs adopted without broad international consensus, they increased the threat of international regulatory arbitrage and damaged the global competitiveness of national financial markets.",
   "abstract": "Most national measures took the form of public bail-outs without broad international consensus,44 thereby increasing the threat of international regulatory arbitrage as well as negatively impacting the global competitiveness of national financial markets.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "crisis-era emergency measures adopted without international coordination"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-007",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-007",
   "text": "Even the residual national discretion to set countercyclical buffers between 2.5 and 5 percent is misleading, because a Member State such as the United Kingdom is unlikely to sustain a 5 percent buffer while Germany requires only 2.5 percent and thereby hands German banks a competitive advantage.",
   "abstract": "The Commission proposal explicitly allows Member States to implement countercyclical buffers of up to 5%, but limits mutual recognition to the 2.5% ceiling. Even in these instances, the proposed discretion may be misleading.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "buffers set above the 2.5 percent mutual recognition ceiling",
    "competing national banking sectors, especially where the state holds bank ownership stakes"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-018",
   "text": "The German bank levy is internally inconsistent because financial institutions without systemic relevance must contribute to the reorganization fund yet are ineligible to receive support payments from it.",
   "abstract": "The German levy system is problematic because financial institutions without systemic relevance are required to contribute to the fund, yet are not able to receive fund support payments.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "German reorganization fund financed by a levy on all German banks"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-039",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-039",
   "text": "Given the European initiatives on contingent capital and the nascent European market in contingent capital securities, the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve would be well advised to consider implementing contingent capital standards.",
   "abstract": "Given the European initiatives on contingent capital and the nascent market in European contingent capital securities, the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve would be well advised to consider implementing contingent capital standards.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States regulators acting under Dodd-Frank authority contingent on the mandated feasibility study"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'competitiveness'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}