{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/concentration",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:concentration",
 "name": "Concentration",
 "termCode": "concentration",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": [
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    "2025"
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  },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3606663-025",
   "text": "The DeFi lending market is highly concentrated: MakerDAO alone accounts for almost ninety percent of the total USD value locked in DeFi projects.",
   "abstract": "MakerDAO accounts for almost ninety percent of total USD value locked in DeFi projects.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Digital Asset Market Evolution (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606663",
   "datePublished": "2020",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "DeFi projects measured by total USD value locked",
    "period covered by DeFi Pulse data"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "d1d4a15a293b715bb6a5a32e689f59c3a1587915039ba9a1cf4eeb8ee2a1e57c",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782191-032",
   "text": "Concentration produces instability and dispersion produces stability: the more concentrated a structure is, the more unstable it is, because little changes can cause major structural change, while a spread out pattern remains spread out when disturbed.",
   "abstract": "The more concentrated a structure is, the more unstable it is. The more spread out a pattern is, the more stable it is",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Preface to (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782191",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "any structure characterized by concentration or dispersion"
   ],
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-031",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808867-031",
   "text": "Those few entities and individuals who control the data flow and the associated algorithms can use centralized algorithmic human predictors to build autocratic algorithmic systems and structures, and the implied loss of democratic principles in society is perhaps an inevitable side effect.",
   "abstract": "Centralized algorithmic human predictors can be used by those few entities and individuals who control the data flow and the associated algorithms to create autocratic algorithmic systems and structures. The implied loss of democratic principles in society is perhaps an inevitable side effect.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "concentrated control over data flows and algorithms"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "eeccf6d0587bd278a96ce6ac8ec5003e26d161c245f6c94b4144d84f374802eb",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5095633-009",
   "text": "The high cost of processing colossal datasets confines frontier AI innovation to a small number of well-resourced institutions.",
   "abstract": "the high costs associated with processing colossal datasets restrict such innovation to a handful of well-resourced institutions.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
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   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'concentration'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}