# Consensus protocols

`kaal:entity:consensus-protocols`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 7 claims that carry the concept tag `consensus-protocols`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

7 claims across 3 works, 2018 to 2018.

**2018**

- [3125827-001](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-001) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- No single, fixed, entirely algorithmic policing solution can completely prevent independent nodes in a distributed system from gaming block production to advantage some parties over others. Any consensus protocol that relies on a permanently fixed rule set will therefore be gamed as conditions change.
  > In fact it is obvious there can be no single, fixed, entirely algorithmic policing solution which completely prevents independent nodes in a distributed system from gaming the system by producing blocks with transactions that advantage some parties over others1.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827
- [3125827-002](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-002) [condition/argued] -- A successful proof of stake protocol must be flexible enough to continually police new attack strategies, because changing market forces and network performance keep creating new opportunities to profit at the expense of the majority.
  > Therefore a successful PoS protocol must be flexible enough to continually police new attack strategies.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827
- [3227967-036](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-036) [design/argued] -- The real design challenge for consensus protocols is to find a proof of stake protocol that offers both trust and security without unintentionally creating just another centralized validation system.
  > The students understood that the real challenge is to find a "proof of stake" protocol that offers both trust and security (without unintentionally creating just another centralized validation system).
  Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227967
- [3249860-038](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-038) [empirical/evidenced] -- Proof of Work remains the most popular consensus protocol type among the top 100 tokens, and the Other category alone comprises thirty-four tokens.
  > Figure 9a shows that the "Other" consensus protocol type, made up of thirty-four tokens.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860
- [3249860-039](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-039) [empirical/evidenced] -- Attempts to increase throughput and scale in consensus protocols concentrate on proof of stake, and the data are consistent with anecdotal evidence that proof of stake may be the most dominant attempt at scaling.
  > Attempts to increase throughput and scale for consensus protocols often focus on proof of stake attempts. The data is consistent with anecdotal evidence that suggests that proof of stake may be the most dominant attempt at scaling.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860
- [3249860-040](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-040) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- To date no blockchain coherently and comprehensively combines scale, security, and decentralization, the three objectives of the blockchain trilemma, although continued experimentation with consensus algorithms can help overcome it over time.
  > To date, no blockchain truly combines these three objectives coherently and comprehensively. Experimentation with different consensus algorithms can, over time, help overcome the blockchain trilemma.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860
- [3249860-041](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-041) [mechanism/evidenced] -- Tokens experimenting with alternative consensus protocols typically change the transfer process in an effort to become more efficient.
  > Tokens experimenting with alternative consensus protocols often change the transfer process in an effort to become more efficient.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/consensus-protocols.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.