{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/consistency",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:consistency",
 "name": "Consistency",
 "termCode": "consistency",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "sha256": "446f3d69263220ddaa40b207886b3de144a64c28efe8b7eca878a510160b8029",
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
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    "2025"
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 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5541658-038",
   "text": "A Dutch court's AI system for traffic violation appeals improved consistency yet altered legal experts' decisions, which shows that consistency gains from judicial AI can come at the cost of influencing expert judgment and therefore require human oversight.",
   "abstract": "For example, a study of an AI system for traffic violation appeals in a Dutch court found that while AI improved consistency, it altered legal experts' decisions, highlighting the need for human oversight.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "a Dutch court",
    "traffic violation appeals",
    "high volume standardized decisions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e543a2d698fcd522d4d02e034cc9ee1344d0015d2c824b40b9e05ab7c0728c60",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5886342-038",
   "text": "Amendments to any one Book of the Codex must be consistent with the overall objectives and principles of the Codex, so internal coherence constrains the amendment power itself.",
   "abstract": "Any amendments made to one Book of UDLC Co- dex must be consistent with the overall objectives",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
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   "source_pdf_sha256": "dc456a1ce2ea4a356dbcb35dc900ec36be94b8c9b6da4a2c8c268d6301f66359",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'consistency'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}