{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/control",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:control",
 "name": "Control",
 "termCode": "control",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/control.md",
 "sha256": "28b2fff061e263b1a226c699d113b189cfb3ad7dde609db89360694964b2ca0d",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 6
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-027",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782198-027",
   "text": "Contrary to the common engineering view that automated processes remove regulation, the purpose of smart contracts is to deliver much more fine grained regulation and more control, not less.",
   "abstract": "In fact, the purpose of smart contracts is to give much more fine-grained regulation, more control, not less.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to smart contract mediated business relations such as AI enabled IoT supply chains"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7e1378e3eed06cace6534e7792a7307d607d18bc6beb4ac45896476280728e4",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3936876-005",
   "text": "Custody of a digital asset is not physical possession but ownership and control over a digital asset wallet, which in practice means holding the private keys and bearing responsibility for keeping the funds safe.",
   "abstract": "Custody of digital assets is typically associated with ownership and control over a digital asset wallet and its assets. Such ownership and control over a digital asset wallet typically means holding the private keys and the responsibility of keeping funds safe.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to intangible digital assets rather than tangible chattel or real estate"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5886342-016",
   "text": "Digital ownership under the Codex is control dependent: it requires direct or indirect control over the digital object, so ownership without any technical control is not recognised.",
   "abstract": "(3) Digital Ownership requires direct or indirect Control over the Digital Object.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "dc456a1ce2ea4a356dbcb35dc900ec36be94b8c9b6da4a2c8c268d6301f66359",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5886342-018",
   "text": "First ownership of a digital object arises from a factual event rather than from registration or grant: it is established once the first legal identity acquires digital control of that object.",
   "abstract": "The first digital ownership on a Digital Object is es- tablished once the first Legal Identity acquires Digi-",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "dc456a1ce2ea4a356dbcb35dc900ec36be94b8c9b6da4a2c8c268d6301f66359",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5886342-021",
   "text": "Pledging a digital object requires the pledgor to hand over digital control, either to the pledgee, to a third party, or to a digital program capable of exercising that control, so the security interest is perfected by control rather than by filing.",
   "abstract": "(2) In order to pledge a Digital Object, the pledgor shall transfer the Digital Control to either the pledgee, a third party, or a digital program capable of exercising Digital Control.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "dc456a1ce2ea4a356dbcb35dc900ec36be94b8c9b6da4a2c8c268d6301f66359",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5886342-023",
   "text": "Rights embedded in a Digital Transfer of Rights Object are exercisable only by the digital controller of that object, which is what lets the transfer of control function as the transfer of the underlying entitlement.",
   "abstract": "be exercised by the Digital Controller of the DTRO.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "transferable contractual and negotiable rights stipulated in a DTRO"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "dc456a1ce2ea4a356dbcb35dc900ec36be94b8c9b6da4a2c8c268d6301f66359",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "6 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'control'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}