{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/countercyclical-buffer",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:countercyclical-buffer",
 "name": "Countercyclical buffer",
 "termCode": "countercyclical-buffer",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
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   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2012"
   ]
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-006",
   "text": "Mutual recognition of countercyclical capital buffers hollows out the national discretion the Commission proposal appears to grant: the financially strongest Member States with the largest financial sectors will effectively set the buffer size for smaller Member States whose institutions do business there.",
   "abstract": "Therefore, the financially stronger Member States with the largest financial sectors may dictate the size of countercyclical buffers for smaller Member States, thereby practically reducing any proposed national discretion.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "countercyclical buffers up to the 2.5 percent mutual recognition ceiling",
    "institutions with branches or subsidiaries in the buffer-setting Member State"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-007",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2061166-007",
   "text": "Even the residual national discretion to set countercyclical buffers between 2.5 and 5 percent is misleading, because a Member State such as the United Kingdom is unlikely to sustain a 5 percent buffer while Germany requires only 2.5 percent and thereby hands German banks a competitive advantage.",
   "abstract": "The Commission proposal explicitly allows Member States to implement countercyclical buffers of up to 5%, but limits mutual recognition to the 2.5% ceiling. Even in these instances, the proposed discretion may be misleading.",
   "citation": "Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "buffers set above the 2.5 percent mutual recognition ceiling",
    "competing national banking sectors, especially where the state holds bank ownership stakes"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "43625ea260d0fc045e86d3435df50c9d0ca4abf8542e6085a6165be6653b4a7b",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'countercyclical-buffer'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}