{
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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/cross-border-regulation",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:cross-border-regulation",
 "name": "Cross border regulation",
 "termCode": "cross-border-regulation",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1806252-006",
   "text": "Regulating entities that operate in the same markets under asymmetric rules creates legal uncertainty and significant transaction costs.",
   "abstract": "Asymmetric regulation of entities operating in the same markets creates legal uncertainty and significant transaction costs.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Hedge Fund Regulation Via Basel III (2011). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1806252",
   "datePublished": "2011",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "entities compete in the same markets"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "3343ebfe05a925c3d1a75625c4b351ccff515c50819a48d155804daacf01429d",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-008",
   "text": "Harmonization is politically unattainable absent either a central authority able to preempt the law of many jurisdictions or a single jurisdiction with enough economic clout to impose its rules on others, which makes harmonization especially difficult beyond national borders.",
   "abstract": "Second, harmonization is difficult to accomplish politi- cally unless there is a central authority that can preempt the law in a multitude of jurisdictions or, alternatively, a jurisdic- tion has so much economic clout that it can impose its rules on others.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "cross border harmonization",
    "no supranational preemptive authority exists"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'cross-border-regulation'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}