# Cryptography `kaal:entity:cryptography` **Status.** derived This node is assembled mechanically from the 9 claims that carry the concept tag `cryptography`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself. ## Every claim under this term 9 claims across 9 works, 2017 to 2024. **2017** - [2998033-001](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-001) [mechanism/asserted] -- Blockchain technology lowers transaction costs by eliminating intermediaries, and it substitutes immutability and cryptography for the trust that intermediaries previously supplied. > Blockchain technology's elimination of intermediaries removes transaction costs and creates a platform for trust through truth and transparency for parties through its immutability and use of cryptography. Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Innovation for Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998033 - [3002908-016](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-016) [mechanism/argued] -- In the decentralized DLT model, distributed consensus replaces the trusted central validation system, substituting cryptographic solutions and economic incentives for a central validator. > In the decentralized DLT model, "distributed consensus" replaces the trusted central validation system. Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002908 **2018** - [3125822-007](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-007) [failure/asserted] *(failure mode)* -- The hidden voting scheme depends on the choice of symmetric encryption protocol: a poorly chosen protocol exposes the platform to a birthday problem attack in which malicious voters submit an encrypted key that can be decrypted in two different ways, letting them retroactively choose their vote. > This symmetric encryption protocol must be chosen carefully to avoid the birthday problem attack, where malicious voters could send an encrypted key that could be decrypted in two different ways. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vlad Andrei, Blockchain Infrastructure for Measuring Domain Specific Reputation in Autonomous Decentralized and A (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125822 - [3227933-015](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-015) [mechanism/argued] -- Cryptographic hashing makes tampering detectable because even a minuscule change to the blockchain produces a different hash value, which other participants can observe instantly. > The result of this combination of technologies is that even a minuscule change to the blockchain will result in a different hash value, making manipulation instantly and readily detectable by other participants. Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Why 'Blockchain' Will Disrupt Corporate Organizations (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227933 - [3227967-019](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-019) [mechanism/argued] -- Cryptographic hashing makes tampering with blockchain records extremely difficult because even a minuscule change produces a different hash value, rendering manipulation instantly and readily detectable. > The use of cryptographic hashes makes tampering with blockchain records even more difficult, if not impossible. 52 Cryptographic hashes comprise complex algorithms. Even a minuscule change to the blockchain will result in a different hash value, making manipulation instantly and readily detectable. Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227967 **2019** - [3373393-019](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-019) [mechanism/argued] -- The immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems provide transactional guarantees that create trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship, and ensure that no participant can circumvent the rules embedded in blockchain code. > The immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems provide transactional guarantees and create trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship. Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393 **2021** - [3782198-020](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-020) [definitional/asserted] -- The goal of the Web3 movement is to foster radical bureaucratic transparency through open source design, to advance individual autonomy and privacy through cryptography, and to level access to information and computing resources through decentralized networks. > The goal of the WebG movement is to foster radical bureaucratic transparency using open source design, to further individual au- tonomy and privacy using cryptography, and to level the access to information and computing resources with decentralized networks. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198 **2024** - [4900878-003](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-003) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Current cryptographic systems such as RSA rest on the classical difficulty of factoring large primes, so quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm, which factor exponentially faster, can render those cryptographic methods obsolete. > Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm, can factor these numbers exponentially faster, potentially rendering existing cryptographic methods obsolete. Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and Tokenomics (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900878 - [4900880-005](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-005) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can factor large prime numbers exponentially faster than classical computers, which potentially renders currently deployed cryptographic systems including RSA obsolete. > Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm, can factor these numbers exponentially faster, potentially rendering existing cryptographic methods obsolete. Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and the Future of Work (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900880 ## Verify Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust. curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/cryptography.md | sha256sum **Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.