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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
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 "identifier": "kaal:entity:democracy",
 "name": "Democracy",
 "termCode": "democracy",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-031",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-031",
   "text": "Western democracies still run on structures developed decades or centuries ago and have no formal interaction with the new data stream produced by modern information technology.",
   "abstract": "Western democracies are still using the structures developed decades or centuries ago, and lack any formal interaction with this new data stream.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "contemporary Western democracies"
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-032",
   "text": "Democratic institutions should require open source algorithms for how citizen information is filtered on opinion platforms, so that analyses can be made and everyone can see if and how the system is being gamed by special interests.",
   "abstract": "Require open source algorithms for how information is filtered, so analyses can be made, and everyone can understand if and how the system is being gamed by special interests.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "public deliberation platforms used for democratic input"
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   "status": "current"
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-034",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-034",
   "text": "Large decentralized networks such as national democracies do not make fundamental changes easily, because stability is their primary quality.",
   "abstract": "Large decentralized networks, like national democracies, don't make fundamental changes easily. Stability is their pri- mary quality.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "large decentralized networks such as national democracies"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-008",
   "text": "Modern Western democracies, which the authors treat as the largest DAOs ever assembled, show that a network whose members hold diverse values can be united by protocol centralization, and that the destabilizing effect of that protocol centralization can be ameliorated by power decentralization through dynamic governance design.",
   "abstract": "Analyzing modern Western democracies, the largest DAOs ever as- sembled, shows networks of members with diverse values can be united with proto- col centralization, and its destabilizing effect can be ameliorated by power- decentralization through dynamic design of governance.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "networks uniting members with diverse values",
    "requires dynamic design of governance"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-036",
   "text": "Democracy itself decentralizes power, but to unify a large population holding diverse values the United States relies on rigid protocol centralization from a Rule-of-Law legal system, whose statutory clarity supplies the fairness and transparency that diverse groups require.",
   "abstract": "Democracy itself decentralizes power. However, to bring unity to a large population with diverse values, the United States has rigid protocol-centralization from a Rule- of-Law legal system.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
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    "large populations with diverse values"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-039",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-039",
   "text": "The authors stipulate that functioning democracies are decentralized autonomous organizations: the United States government is a DAO, as are Norway, Mauritius, Uruguay, and South Korea, and every functioning democracy is more akin to a DAO than to a centralized corporation.",
   "abstract": "The United States government is a decentralized organization, a DAO. Norway is a DAO—the best DAO according to the democracy index.38 Mauritius, Uruguay, and South Korea are also DAOs. Every functioning democracy is more akin to a DAO than to a centralized corporation.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "functioning democracies"
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782220-018",
   "text": "A perfectly democratic society would require complete transparency even though most societies draw the line well short of it, so a DAO should specify explicitly where it places the boundary between bureaucratic transparency and secrecy.",
   "abstract": "complete and full transparency in every governmental action, but a perfectly democratic society requires complete transparency. This is an abstraction, but a DAO should clearly specify where their values lie, and where they would draw the line between bureaucratic transparency and secrecy.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of Transcendental Unifying Values for Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782220",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
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    "perfectly democratic ideal treated as the limiting case"
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   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808867-031",
   "text": "Those few entities and individuals who control the data flow and the associated algorithms can use centralized algorithmic human predictors to build autocratic algorithmic systems and structures, and the implied loss of democratic principles in society is perhaps an inevitable side effect.",
   "abstract": "Centralized algorithmic human predictors can be used by those few entities and individuals who control the data flow and the associated algorithms to create autocratic algorithmic systems and structures. The implied loss of democratic principles in society is perhaps an inevitable side effect.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-031",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808873-031",
   "text": "Because centralized algorithmically automated systems can know individuals' political preferences better than the individuals themselves, exercising political will through human voting becomes redundant and democratic elections may not be needed, though existing constitutional arrangements may delay that outcome.",
   "abstract": "Because big data and algorithmic data analytics enable centralized algorithmically automated systems (such as Google, Facebook, and Amazon) to know individuals' political preferences better than the individual's themselves, exercising political will by way of human voting is redundant.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "speculative",
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 "description": "9 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'democracy'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}