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 "identifier": "kaal:entity:design",
 "name": "Design",
 "termCode": "design",
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-034",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3405401-034",
   "text": "The required review of counterparty history is possible through a platform that creates reputation for both parties and for the smart contract itself, so reputation must attach to code as well as to persons.",
   "abstract": "This is possible through a platform that creates reputation for both parties and for the smart contract itself.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Commerce – A Primer on Why Decentralized Reputation Verification Systems Are Needed (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3405401",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "design",
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  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782191-018",
   "text": "Future decentralized infrastructure products, such as a decentralized verification engine, need to be built to address the inaccuracy of randomly generated information in decentralized systems.",
   "abstract": "These are exactly the type of shortcomings future decentralized infrastructure products, such as a decentralized verification engine, need to address.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Preface to (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782191",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "decentralized systems with unverified information"
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-019",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782201-019",
   "text": "The correct goal is not to eliminate the middlemen but to automate them, because unlike human middlemen automated middlemen can be designed so that they do not contribute to the corruption they were built to fight.",
   "abstract": "Automating these middlemen functions makes them more efficient, like the chemical catalysts in a cell. Unlike human middlemen, automated middlemen can be designed so that they don't contribute to the corruption they were designed to fight.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Future of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782201",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-002",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5454054-002",
   "text": "LER should be built as a bifurcated architecture: voucher-based rewards for equities held in brokerage accounts, and programmable on-chain reward units for tokenized equities.",
   "abstract": "LER employs a bifurcated architecture: voucher-based rewards for brokerage-held equities and programmable, on-chain reward units for tokenized equities.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5454054",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "issuer serves both off-chain brokerage holders and on-chain token holders"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5454054-023",
   "text": "LER can be engineered outside the Howey test by keeping reward units consumptive as discounts or credits, non-yielding, unmarketed for appreciation, and by disabling secondary trading.",
   "abstract": "LER could be engineered to fall outside of the Howey test. This is possible by avoiding a reasonable expectation of profits derived from the efforts of others. LER voucher loyalty reward units remain consumptive as discounts/credits, non-yielding, and not marketed for appreciation.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5454054",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
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   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States securities law",
    "secondary trading disabled"
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 "description": "5 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'design'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}