# Distributed systems

`kaal:entity:distributed-systems`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 2 claims that carry the concept tag `distributed-systems`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

2 claims across 2 works, 2018 to 2019.

**2018**

- [3125827-018](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-018) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- In a distributed system, which cannot achieve constant perfect communication between nodes, it is never possible to determine with certainty that a block producer was censoring particular transactions rather than simply being unaware of them.
  > In a distributed system--which cannot achieve constant perfect communication between nodes--we can never certainly determine that a block producer was censoring certain transactions, instead of simply not being aware of them.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827

**2019**

- [3411897-018](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-018) [mechanism/argued] -- It is the completely decentralized network connectivity via the internet, not blockchain's digital signatures, that provides the greatest protection against fraud, because connectivity puts multiple copies of the chain in the hands of all participants.
  > While blockchain's use of digital signatures helps establish the identity and authenticity of the parties involved in the transaction, it is the completely decentralized network connectivity via the internet that allows the most protection against fraud.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/distributed-systems.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.