{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/due-process",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:due-process",
 "name": "Due process",
 "termCode": "due-process",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "sha256": "783155f641c35e3fe0872c241702d4d0676470bee0fdeba5a46088183f7a895c",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
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   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
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  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2348463-032",
   "text": "Restricting Form PF data to the eyes of the bankruptcy judge alone would create problems in the litigation process, because opposing parties may demand access to the same information.",
   "abstract": "However, making creditors' Form PF data available for the eyes of the judge only could raise issues in the litigation process because parties may demand access to the same information.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hedge Funds’ Systemic Risk Disclosures in Bankruptcy (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2348463",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "judge-only access design"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "b3682f24c0b277b3307fb9f54cd17a4e0a87b48eecba34b40e189212f20c9a22",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5541658-014",
   "text": "The opacity of black box AI systems can undermine procedural fairness as a legal matter, because parties hold a right to understand the basis of the judicial decisions that affect them.",
   "abstract": "Legally, the opacity of AI systems could undermine procedural fairness, as parties have a right to understand the basis of judicial decisions.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "AI outputs that inform or shape judicial decisions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e543a2d698fcd522d4d02e034cc9ee1344d0015d2c824b40b9e05ab7c0728c60",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-016",
   "text": "Neither online dispute resolution nor decentralized dispute resolution complies with the minimum due process requirements defined and acknowledged in the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which is ratified and enforced in 172 states.",
   "abstract": "It is important to note that neither ODR nor DDR comply with the minimal requirements of due process as defined and acknowledged in the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,47 which is ratified and enforced in 172 States.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "disputes over tokenized real world assets",
    "awards intended for cross-border recognition and enforcement"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'due-process'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}