{
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 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/empirical-estimates",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:empirical-estimates",
 "name": "Empirical estimates",
 "termCode": "empirical-estimates",
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2025"
   ]
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-017",
   "text": "Open source software accounts for somewhere between 78 percent and 98 percent of all core digital infrastructure software, according to industry estimates.",
   "abstract": "According to some estimates, open source software accounts for between 78%14 and 98%15 of all core digital infrastructure software.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "based on 2015 and 2017 industry survey estimates"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "304ad25d43b5ecea3158e3a2ca04e6e1e3bd2958e2134e2dcefbfedf3b6f3ab7",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-003",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4734750-003",
   "text": "Losses from smart contract vulnerabilities are large and growing, with 2021 losses alone estimated at 680 million dollars and cumulative global losses estimated at over 6 billion dollars.",
   "abstract": "In 2021 alone total financial loss from smart contract bugs was estimated at $680 million",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Code Review DAO (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4734750",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-003",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5095633-003",
   "text": "The total effective stock of human-generated text is estimated at roughly 300 trillion tokens, with a plausible range from 100 trillion to 1 quadrillion tokens.",
   "abstract": "Researchers estimate that the total effective stock of human-generated text may currently stand at approximately 300 trillion tokens, with the range varying from 100 trillion to 1 quadrillion tokens.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "estimate of effective stock, not raw internet volume"
   ],
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 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'empirical-estimates'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}