# Empirical estimates

`kaal:entity:empirical-estimates`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `empirical-estimates`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 3 works, 2021 to 2025.

**2021**

- [3808859-017](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-017) [empirical/evidenced] -- Open source software accounts for somewhere between 78 percent and 98 percent of all core digital infrastructure software, according to industry estimates.
  > According to some estimates, open source software accounts for between 78%14 and 98%15 of all core digital infrastructure software.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859

**2024**

- [4734750-003](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-003) [empirical/evidenced] -- Losses from smart contract vulnerabilities are large and growing, with 2021 losses alone estimated at 680 million dollars and cumulative global losses estimated at over 6 billion dollars.
  > In 2021 alone total financial loss from smart contract bugs was estimated at $680 million
  Wulf A. Kaal, Code Review DAO (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4734750

**2025**

- [5095633-003](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-003) [empirical/evidenced] -- The total effective stock of human-generated text is estimated at roughly 300 trillion tokens, with a plausible range from 100 trillion to 1 quadrillion tokens.
  > Researchers estimate that the total effective stock of human-generated text may currently stand at approximately 300 trillion tokens, with the range varying from 100 trillion to 1 quadrillion tokens.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/empirical-estimates.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.