# Empirical method

`kaal:entity:empirical-method`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 5 claims that carry the concept tag `empirical-method`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

5 claims across 2 works, 2014 to 2016.

**2014**

- [2486570-002](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-002) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Prior scholarship on the corporate governance effects of non and deferred prosecution agreements rests largely on anecdotal evidence and individual case studies rather than on systematic evidence, which is why its conclusions about those effects are unreliable.
  > The evaluation of issues pertaining to the effect of N/DPAs on corporate governance in prior studies is largely based on anecdotal evidence and valuable case studies.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570
- [2486570-003](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-003) [design/argued] -- Because the population of executed non and deferred prosecution agreements is now large, their real trends and real governance impact are quantifiable and measurable, so policy makers can be given evidence based guidance rather than conjecture.
  > given the large number of N/DPAs, the real trends and the real impact of N/DPAs are quantifiable and measurable, giving real guidance to policy makers.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570
- [2486570-014](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-014) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Where coded categories such as cooperating, disclosure, and internal review fall well short of 100 percent of the sample, the shortfall may reflect a gap in what the agreements record rather than a real absence of those corporate actions, so the coded frequencies understate actual conduct.
  > there is a chance that we may be capturing a gap in what is recorded in the N/DPAs in the sample, rather than a real absence of these factors.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570
- [2486570-037](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-037) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- The governance trends reported in this study apply only to corporations that actually executed an agreement, so because a disproportionately large number of corporations self correct or self report instead, the findings may capture only the tip of the iceberg.
  > The corporate governance trends identified in this study only pertain to corporations that have executed N/DPAs.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570

**2016**

- [2811718-001](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-001) [empirical/evidenced] -- The study rests on two datasets: SEC Form ADV Part II filings by private investment fund advisers from 2007 to 2014 (N=100392) and the publicly available litigation record on private fund investor due diligence from 1995 to 2015 (N=572).
  > the author examines two datasets: (1) private investment fund advisers' SEC Form ADV II filings from 2007 to 2014 (N=100392), and (2) the publicly available litigation record pertaining to private fund investor due diligence from 1995 to 2015 (N=572).
  Wulf A. Kaal, Private Fund Investor Due Diligence – Evidence from 1995 to 2015 (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811718

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/empirical-method.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.