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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/empirical-study",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:empirical-study",
 "name": "Empirical study",
 "termCode": "empirical-study",
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2016"
   ]
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-009",
   "text": "Courts often provide very specific language about the standard of conduct expected of directors, but lawyers do not sufficiently communicate that expected conduct to directors.",
   "abstract": "Professors Johnson & Garvis show in an empirical study that courts often provide very specific language regarding the appropriate standard of conduct for directors.17 However, their study highlights that lawyers do not sufficiently communicate to directors what conduct is expected of them.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States corporate officers and directors"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-002",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2811729-002",
   "text": "Unconstrained mutual funds share multiple investment strategy and risk attributes with fixed income hedge funds, a finding the authors ground in trading data and prospectuses of all such funds launched from 2010 through 2015.",
   "abstract": "article demonstrates that unconstrained mutual funds share multiple investment strategy and risk attributes with fixed income hedge funds.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Unconstrained Mutual Funds and Retail Investor Protection (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811729",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "hand-selected sample of unconstrained mutual funds launched 2010 through 2015"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "0877b0a076f2614559cb0b1a736f73401cecbee7cfe014da6e36709208e92a74",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'empirical-study'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}