{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/enforcement-trends",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:enforcement-trends",
 "name": "Enforcement trends",
 "termCode": "enforcement-trends",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "sha256": "1fbe49da4e490413371a96de5a84b9081d145645723fdbdcc7c3f81247ccb76c",
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 3
  },
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   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2014"
   ]
  },
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  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-063",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2273857-063",
   "text": "Almost 300 deferred prosecution agreements have been executed since 2003, whereas before 2003 they were rarely used.",
   "abstract": "Almost 300 DPAs have been executed since 2003. Before 2003, DPAs were rarely used.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Dynamic Regulation of the Financial Services Industry (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2273857",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States federal prosecution practice"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7cb3dea40593135acc99a9b00690138fe01020514ebf388f5140e1b0e59e82a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-012",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2486570-012",
   "text": "The sharp proliferation of non and deferred prosecution agreements after 2002 is explained by a cluster of events: the collapse of Enron, the dismantling of Arthur Andersen, the creation of the Corporate Fraud Task Force, and the Thompson Memorandum.",
   "abstract": "The proliferation of N/DPAs after 2002 can be explained by a num- ber of factors, including the collapse of Enron, the dismantling of Arthur Ander- sen, the establishment of the Corporate Fraud Task Force, and the Thompson Memorandum.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-040",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2486570-040",
   "text": "Corporate governance provisions in non and deferred prosecution agreements increased significantly over the decade to 2013, raising prosecutors' influence over corporate governance to unprecedented levels.",
   "abstract": "find that corporate governance provisions in N/DPAs significantly increased in the last decade, boosting prosecutors' influence over corporate governance to un- precedented levels.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "based on all publicly available N/DPAs from 1993 to 2013"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'enforcement-trends'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}