{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/european-jurisdictions",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:european-jurisdictions",
 "name": "European jurisdictions",
 "termCode": "european-jurisdictions",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 4
  },
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-012",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-012",
   "text": "The lack of securities class actions in European jurisdictions creates a void that increases the incentives for forum shopping by plaintiffs' lawyers.",
   "abstract": "This void increases incentives for forum shopping by",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "European jurisdictions that do not offer securities class actions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-014",
   "text": "Over time, extraterritorial US securities litigation may drive European jurisdictions to adopt portions of US law in order to discourage forum shopping, a form of legal assimilation.",
   "abstract": "portions of US law in order to discourage forum shopping.",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "sustained forum shopping pressure on European jurisdictions"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-015",
   "text": "Assimilation of US legal rules into European regulatory approaches may itself increase transaction costs for the jurisdiction that changes its law.",
   "abstract": "Assimilation of US legal rules in turn may result in increased",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "jurisdictions that alter their law in response to US extraterritorial reach"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-016",
   "text": "For European jurisdictions the extraterritorial application of US law creates confusion and legal uncertainty and makes it harder to regulate private parties who engage in regulatory arbitrage by taking their litigation to the United States when convenient.",
   "abstract": "US law can create confusion, legal uncertainty, and difficulties",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "European jurisdictions whose parties can access US courts"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'european-jurisdictions'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}