{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/extra-legal-forces",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:extra-legal-forces",
 "name": "Extra legal forces",
 "termCode": "extra-legal-forces",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2013"
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 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-006",
   "text": "Although CIAs sit outside the formal legal framework that defines fiduciary duties, they belong to the penumbra of extra legal forces that clarifies what is expected of directors.",
   "abstract": "While CIAs are outside the traditional legal framework that formally defines fiduciary duties, they fit into the penumbra of extra-legal forces11 that helps to clarify the expectations for directors.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "fiduciary duty law understood as supplemented by extra legal forces"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-009",
   "text": "Because state fiduciary duty law is permissive rather than regulatory, fiduciary standards can legitimately develop from non-legislative sources, which makes extra legal forces a proper source for shaping fiduciary duties.",
   "abstract": "Because state fiduciary duty law is permissive rather than regulatory, fiduciary standards can develop from non-legislative sources.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "state law fiduciary duties",
    "fiduciary responsibilities understood as largely aspirational best practices"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'extra-legal-forces'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}