{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/firm-heterogeneity",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:firm-heterogeneity",
 "name": "Firm heterogeneity",
 "termCode": "firm-heterogeneity",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/firm-heterogeneity.md",
 "sha256": "0a837082ae98b513b8565440663c3c48c240eb88fa507e07fc3b809da2a133f7",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "value": 2
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   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2014",
    "2019"
   ]
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  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-027",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2486570-027",
   "text": "Generic industry advice on building an effective compliance program cannot work in practice because it is written to apply to many firms at once while no two companies are sufficiently alike for general guidance to be effective.",
   "abstract": "is necessarily mostly general because the advice is meant to apply to a multitude of companies. However, in practice, no two companies are sufficiently alike to effectively provide general guidance on compliance programs.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3373393-016",
   "text": "Existing governance mechanisms work well in some firms but are ineffective in others, because agency conflicts and their specific scope differ from firm to firm.",
   "abstract": "However, existing governance mechanisms work well in some firms but are ineffective in others.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "across a heterogeneous population of firms"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "4d1424b9ba9aff8a61bc7a0dddd02cded93785e5843685dde76c07dcdb23961e",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'firm-heterogeneity'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}