{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/foreign-relations",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:foreign-relations",
 "name": "Foreign relations",
 "termCode": "foreign-relations",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 4
  },
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-004",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-004",
   "text": "Allowing foreign plaintiffs to sue foreign defendants in US courts over securities purchased and sold in foreign countries would turn the United States into the global arbiter of securities fraud allegations.",
   "abstract": "United States into the global arbiter of securities fraud allegations,",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "foreign cubed litigation permitted in US courts"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-035",
   "text": "Section 7216 could be one more impediment to good diplomatic relations if the United States is perceived as establishing its courts as international courts in securities matters with universal jurisdiction.",
   "abstract": "7216 could be one more impediment to good diplomatic relations if the United States is perceived as establishing its courts as inter- national courts in securities matters with universal jurisdiction.",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "perception by European governments of US judicial overreach"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-029",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1765901-029",
   "text": "Expanded SEC enforcement under the Dodd-Frank provision runs a serious risk of being perceived as an encroachment on the corporate governance of foreign companies.",
   "abstract": "There is serious risk that such SEC enforcement actions would be perceived to encroach upon the corporate governance of foreign companies",
   "citation": "Kaal and Painter, The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche (2011). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1765901",
   "datePublished": "2011",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "expanded extraterritorial enforcement by the SEC or DOJ"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7b08b8a15f7d72b4eeed41be2d17c20428cb4727269077a6575c5d22e31ecdc5",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1765901-033",
   "text": "Changing national rules in a spirit of cooperation among states and regulators is more productive for preventing securities fraud than imposing U.S. rules on foreign nations through extraterritorial imperialism.",
   "abstract": "Cooperation among nation states and their regulators to prevent securities fraud could help improve foreign relations. Changing national rules in the spirit of cooperation is likely to be more productive than imposing rules on foreign nations through extraterritorial imperialism.",
   "citation": "Kaal and Painter, The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche (2011). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1765901",
   "datePublished": "2011",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "cross border securities fraud enforcement"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7b08b8a15f7d72b4eeed41be2d17c20428cb4727269077a6575c5d22e31ecdc5",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'foreign-relations'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}