{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/foundations",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:foundations",
 "name": "Foundations",
 "termCode": "foundations",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/foundations.md",
 "sha256": "6c2092553c96546a11775b75e21d1986ce51651ad93b47a5f9c8f16562a98e84",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-028",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-028",
   "text": "The WCAM requirement that a court approved foundation pursue the action makes the Dutch regime more burdensome than the U.S. system, which requires only a lead plaintiff and class approval.",
   "abstract": "This WCAM re- quirement makes the Dutch regime somewhat more burdensome than the United States' system, which simply re- quires a lead plaintiff and class approval.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Dutch collective proceedings under the WCAM"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3981021-008",
   "text": "Although the five percent annual payout is only a legal minimum for foundations under 2021 law, many boards treat five percent as the default rule, which entrenches minimal disbursement.",
   "abstract": "As the law stands in 2021, foundations are only required to spend 5% of their assets a year.51 Although this is a minimum requirement for foundations, many boards view 5% as the default rule.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States private foundations as of 2021"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9d8bc78d119c780c96c89ce3e820f4ac8b037d39b3ade59feb4e40d46b048288",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'foundations'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}