{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/friction",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:friction",
 "name": "Friction",
 "termCode": "friction",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/friction.md",
 "sha256": "4a4241bf96eafe19f979bc75dda57bd1ce2114965c148f5a51fec5861b56bfdf",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 1
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-008",
   "text": "Friction is the inefficient allocation of power, meaning that a different distribution of power would let the organization reach its goals more easily, and it is an ever present feature of any hierarchy.",
   "abstract": "Friction is simply the inefficient allo- cation of power, which is an ever-present feature in any hierarchy. By inefficient allo- cation of power, we mean that if the distribution of power were changed, the goals of the organization could be achieved more easily.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "any real hierarchy"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7eafd56cb8a8bd15b64cf58216bb655f939bdcc296387e362fd9191976d67ae",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-009",
   "text": "The most common source of friction is the natural tendency of hierarchies to concentrate power at the top through a rich get richer mechanism: a more powerful member can use their greater power to gain still more power than a weaker member can.",
   "abstract": "The most common type of friction comes from the natural tendency of a hierarchy to concentrate power at the top. The basic mechanism is \"the rich get richer\". A more powerful member is able to use their greater power to gain more power, in any stage, than a weaker member can.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "hierarchies in which power differences among members already exist"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7eafd56cb8a8bd15b64cf58216bb655f939bdcc296387e362fd9191976d67ae",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-013",
   "text": "Corruption is technically inevitable in any hierarchy, because it is impossible to create a perfectly efficient organization in practice and there is friction in every real system.",
   "abstract": "Corruption is technically inevitable in any hierarchy, since it is impossible to create a perfectly efficient organization in practice—there is friction in every real system.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "any real hierarchy"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7eafd56cb8a8bd15b64cf58216bb655f939bdcc296387e362fd9191976d67ae",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'friction'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}