{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/hardfork",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:hardfork",
 "name": "Hardfork",
 "termCode": "hardfork",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "sha256": "84098d276f58aa73b724cbe179561e40b5519848c86a0a6aa52ca6e826184708",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "value": 1
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2021"
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 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808873-033",
   "text": "Decentralized networks depend on dynamic governance because evolving blockchain protocols require updates, and the practice of hardforking that remained prevalent in the early 2020s created significant economic loss for such blockchains.",
   "abstract": "As blockchains protocols evolve in a given market, they require updates. The practice of hardforking, that was still prevalent in the early 2020s, created significant economic loss for such blockchains.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "blockchain protocols requiring upgrades in the early 2020s"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "f11493915e6b8c266d421510b5546816e33defb5650aac9d09b20d78549da727",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808873-036",
   "text": "Forking bifurcates network nodes and can reintroduce the double spend problem the network had already solved, because users running pre fork code treat post fork code as invalid and cannot detect spending on it, so coins spent in a post fork block can be spent again on a pre fork block.",
   "abstract": "For example, the bifurcation of network nodes can result in the reemergence of the double spend problem that the previous network had overcome. Users running the pre-fork code consider the post-fork code invalid, they cannot detect the spending on the post-fork code.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "hard forks producing parallel chains with incompatible protocol rules"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "f11493915e6b8c266d421510b5546816e33defb5650aac9d09b20d78549da727",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'hardfork'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}