{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/incumbent-protection",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:incumbent-protection",
 "name": "Incumbent protection",
 "termCode": "incumbent-protection",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": [
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    "2016"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-010",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2740477-010",
   "text": "Incumbent firms facing the competitive disadvantage created by disruptive entrants respond by using the existing regulatory process itself to build obstacles to competition, which converts rulemaking into an instrument of incumbent protection.",
   "abstract": "To counteract such disadvantages, incumbent firms that are exposed to a perceived threat of disruptive innovation from disruptive firms may attempt to use the existing regulatory process to create obstacles for disruptive firms to compete.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Venture Capital as Dynamic Regulation of Disruptive Innovation (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2740477",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "incumbents perceive a threat from disruptive firms",
    "incumbents remain subject to rules the entrants avoid"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c72871b76fa2ad5a8a69ee8d3defc8f64e624be9052ce763e79cf6c58883f726",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2808132-011",
   "text": "Incumbent firms facing a perceived threat from disruptive innovation may respond by using the existing regulatory process itself to create obstacles that prevent disruptive firms from competing.",
   "abstract": "disadvantages, incumbent firms that are exposed to a perceived threat of disruptive innovation from disruptive firms may attempt to use the existing regulatory process to create obstacles for disruptive firms to compete.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, How to Regulate Disruptive Innovation - From Facts to Data (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2808132",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "incumbents already burdened by existing rules",
    "disruptive entrants operating outside or partly outside those rules"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "3515f2317ed9c1d33ae55d70467cdf1f6c4e350065ea6a887d5d7619599ad7d2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'incumbent-protection'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}