{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/independent-verification",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:independent-verification",
 "name": "Independent verification",
 "termCode": "independent-verification",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "sha256": "f73014069be7ae248de452c002d2dd1a5bd795af36a2e43852cbde7f1c84650a",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
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   "value": 2
  },
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   "value": 2
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2009",
    "2013"
   ]
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  }
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-039",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1428387-039",
   "text": "Investor suitability standards would address the sophistication problem by requiring independent verification that investors in highly complex financial products can evaluate investment risk independently and are capable of making independent investment decisions.",
   "abstract": "Investor suitability standards would address these concerns by requiring independent verification that investors in highly complex financial products have the capability to evaluate investment risk independently and are capable of making independent investment decisions.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Hedge Fund Valuation Retailization, Regulation, and Investor Suitability (2009). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1428387",
   "datePublished": "2009",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "for investments in highly complex financial products"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "6aa3a280dc6750723be2389f3af2aabf3a16c4ce20e49fcdaddd7f2ea95a67aa",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2337268-032",
   "text": "The Dodd-Frank Act tightened custodial practice by requiring safeguards for client assets and verification by independent accountants, a response to concerns over theft and client exposure to Ponzi schemes.",
   "abstract": "In 2010, in an effort to address concerns over theft and to lower clients' exposure to the risks of Ponzi schemes, the Dodd-Frank Act amended the IAA, heightening custodial practices by requiring safeguards for client assets and the use of independent accountants to verify assets.96",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Investment Adviser Regulation (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2337268",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "investment advisers with custody of client assets after 2010"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7075ce35282a8ee75b81ae3dec0e19f68631beae7f3c3a00ab2827538dc9e302",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'independent-verification'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}