# Individual liability

`kaal:entity:individual-liability`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 2 claims that carry the concept tag `individual-liability`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

2 claims across 1 works, 2013 to 2013.

**2013**

- [2317580-012](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-012) [empirical/evidenced] -- CIA penalties reach individuals as well as entities: firms supervised by the FDA may not employ persons dismissed for CIA violations, and the careers of pharmaceutical directors and officers prosecuted over CIA violations can be severely damaged.
  > For instance, companies subject to supervision by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may not employ individuals who were
  Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580
- [2317580-014](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-014) [mechanism/evidenced] -- As the number of individuals required to certify compliance under CIAs grows, so does the potential for false certifications and the corresponding liability, including False Claims Act and criminal false statement exposure.
  > With the increased number of individuals certifying compliance with CIA provisions, the potential for false certifications and corresponding liability intensifies.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/individual-liability.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.