{
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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/information-technology",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:information-technology",
 "name": "Information technology",
 "termCode": "information-technology",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-028",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-028",
   "text": "Advances in information technology explain each historical leap in organizational efficiency and reach, from kinship tribes through nation states to the emerging global society.",
   "abstract": "Advances in information technology explain each historical leap in organizational ef- ficiency and reach.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "the historical record of human societal organization"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-031",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782192-031",
   "text": "Western democracies still run on structures developed decades or centuries ago and have no formal interaction with the new data stream produced by modern information technology.",
   "abstract": "Western democracies are still using the structures developed decades or centuries ago, and lack any formal interaction with this new data stream.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "contemporary Western democracies"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-005",
   "text": "Imperial China invented the printing press and applied it to centralize power through uniform edicts and the first printed money; the resulting bureaucratic rigidity left the hierarchy unable to respond to internal corruption and to external invaders.",
   "abstract": "China invented the printing press and used it to centralize power—politically with uniform edicts and economically with the first printed money. Eventually, the hierarchy couldn't re- spond to internal corruption and external threats such as Mongolian, Manchurian, and Western imperial invaders.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Imperial China's use of printing for political and economic centralization"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-006",
   "text": "Europe, unlike Imperial China, used the printing press to decentralize knowledge rather than to centralize power, and this different application of the same information technology produced a cultural transformation that undermined Europe's centralized powers.",
   "abstract": "Europe started its own printing presses a few centuries later. Instead of using the press to centralize power like the Chinese Empire did, Europe's use of the printing press greatly decentralized knowledge.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Europe after the introduction of movable type",
    "comparison with Chinese use of printing"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782193-033",
   "text": "Reputation permits business with any member of a network regardless of personal acquaintance, but only if the network is closed and its size is limited by the ability to police reputation with the available information technology.",
   "abstract": "First, reputation allows business dealings with any member of the network, regard- less of personal acquaintance. This requires the network to be closed, however, with a size limited by the ability to police reputation using the information technology available.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "reputation-based networks",
    "network must be closed",
    "size bounded by available information technology"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782214-038",
   "text": "Direct democracy failed to reflect the will of the group once villages grew into cities, because the information technology of the spoken word imposes a hard limit on how many people can speak and on the patience and endurance of listeners.",
   "abstract": "As villages grew to cities, direct democracy failed to reflect the will of the group. There is a limit to how many people can speak, even at an am- phitheater, because there is a limit to peoples' patience and endurance.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Governance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782214",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "governance conducted through oral assembly"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ba892bb200c1455447c0014f5067a501a93ea9ec413c31942d95952eb3bdfd9d",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "6 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'information-technology'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}