# Investor sophistication

`kaal:entity:investor-sophistication`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `investor-sophistication`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 2 works, 2009 to 2016.

**2009**

- [1428387-030](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-030) [condition/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Unless an investor's business is primarily to invest in hard-to-value assets, that investor's sophistication cannot be assumed regardless of personal wealth.
  > Unless the business of an investor is to primarily invest in certain hard-to-value assets, the sophistication of such investor can probably not be assumed, regardless of personal wealth. Investors who could
  Kaal, Hedge Fund Valuation Retailization, Regulation, and Investor Suitability (2009). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1428387
- [1428387-038](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-038) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Recent SEC proposals to toughen the numerical wealth requirements for hedge fund investing fail, because they do not ascertain the appropriate level of sophistication or adequate understanding of highly complex financial instruments.
  > Recent proposals by the SEC to toughen the numeracy wealth requirements for hedge fund investing fail to ascertain the appropriate level of sophistication and adequate understanding of highly complex financial instruments.
  Kaal, Hedge Fund Valuation Retailization, Regulation, and Investor Suitability (2009). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1428387

**2016**

- [2811718-004](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-004) [mechanism/argued] -- After the financial crisis of 2008 to 2009 and the Madoff scandal, relatively sophisticated investors stopped accepting the slanted phrasing of due diligence questionnaires and their answers, and the questionnaires became more rigorous as a result.
  > including the Madoff scandal, investors, at least relatively sophisticated investors, no longer accepted the slanted phrasing of the due diligence questionnaires and their answers.13 As a result, the questionnaires became more rigorous.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Private Fund Investor Due Diligence – Evidence from 1995 to 2015 (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811718

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/investor-sophistication.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.