{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/judicial-bias",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:judicial-bias",
 "name": "Judicial bias",
 "termCode": "judicial-bias",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-014",
   "text": "Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters is cumbersome and confusing and creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers fluent in the language of the proceedings, which is a barrier to exporting adjudication.",
   "abstract": "Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters, however, is cumbersome and confusing, and also creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers who are fluent in the language of the proceedings.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Member States whose courts do not conduct proceedings in English"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-023",
   "text": "Fear of judicial bias operates through risk premiums: because investors and managers are uncertain how foreign judges will behave and may assume the worst, they price a decision to incorporate in another Member State higher.",
   "abstract": "Risk premiums charged by actors often reflect both bounded rationality and incomplete information, and managers and investors thus may put a higher price on a decision to incorporate in another Member State.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "bounded rationality and incomplete information about foreign judges"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-024",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-024",
   "text": "If statutes are unbundled from adjudication the judicial bias problem largely disappears, because statutes are at least facially neutral and discriminatory statutes would violate the EU treaty.",
   "abstract": "If on the other hand, statutes are unbundled from adjudication, this problem largely disappears because statutes are at least facially neutral",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "EU law, under which discriminatory national provisions violate freedom of establishment"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'judicial-bias'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}