{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/knowledge-inference",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:knowledge-inference",
 "name": "Knowledge inference",
 "termCode": "knowledge-inference",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 3
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   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2013"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-033",
   "text": "In re Pfizer stipulates that for a company that executed a CIA the court will allow an assumption that the directors were fully informed and therefore willing participants in the corporate malfeasance, so that the CIAs themselves became the court's proof that the directors could have breached their fiduciary duties.",
   "abstract": "The court stipulates that in the case of a company that executed a CIA, it will allow an assumption that the directors were fully informed, and thus, willing participants in the corporate malfeasance.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "In re Pfizer, 722 F. Supp. 2d 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)",
    "boards obligated by prior CIAs to monitor the very conduct alleged"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-034",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-034",
   "text": "Abbott Labs set the stage for the Pfizer holding: although Abbott's Voluntary Compliance Plan was not a CIA, the Seventh Circuit used it as evidence that the directors knew of and should have stopped noncompliant activities.",
   "abstract": "Although the Voluntary Compliance Plan was not a CIA, the Seventh Circuit used it as evidence that the directors knew of and should have stopped noncompliant activities.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "In re Abbott Laboratories Derivative Shareholders Litigation",
    "a six year history of documented FDA noncompliance"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-035",
   "text": "Courts assume that the boards of companies that executed a CIA have more knowledge and can exercise more control, and therefore hold those directors to a heightened fiduciary duty, rejecting directors' claims of ignorance because executing a CIA or a CIA like agreement means directors do know or should know about the noncompliance.",
   "abstract": "To summarize, courts assume that the boards of companies that executed a CIA have more knowledge and can exercise more control and should thus act with a heightened fiduciary duty. Directors are held to a higher standard if the company executed a CIA.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "companies that executed a CIA or a comparable agreement such as a voluntary compliance plan"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'knowledge-inference'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}