{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/language-barriers",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:language-barriers",
 "name": "Language barriers",
 "termCode": "language-barriers",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/language-barriers.md",
 "sha256": "c37f47d74aa04453cbfb4b57c1128c48c7a10a8ae27ad88c811ed65ccadecbe6",
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 3
  },
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   "value": [
    "2004",
    "2004"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-014",
   "text": "Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters is cumbersome and confusing and creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers fluent in the language of the proceedings, which is a barrier to exporting adjudication.",
   "abstract": "Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters, however, is cumbersome and confusing, and also creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers who are fluent in the language of the proceedings.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Member States whose courts do not conduct proceedings in English"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-015",
   "text": "Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs of conducting judicial proceedings in English could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not share their language.",
   "abstract": "Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs involved with using English in judicial proceedings could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not speak the same language.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "English being the only language widely understood throughout the EU"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-041",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-041",
   "text": "Expert judges in national courts who cannot understand the arguments of lawyers before them or read documents written in another language may not be experts at all, so the American model of state appointed expert corporate judges does not transfer to multilingual Europe.",
   "abstract": "but in Europe \"expert\" judges in national courts who cannot understand the arguments of lawyers before them or who cannot read underlying documents written in another language may not be experts at all.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Europe, in contrast with the single language United States"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'language-barriers'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}