# Language barriers

`kaal:entity:language-barriers`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `language-barriers`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 1 works, 2004 to 2004.

**2004**

- [617681-014](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-014) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters is cumbersome and confusing and creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers fluent in the language of the proceedings, which is a barrier to exporting adjudication.
  > Conducting judicial proceedings through interpreters, however, is cumbersome and confusing, and also creates a perceived bias in favor of litigants and lawyers who are fluent in the language of the proceedings.
  Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681
- [617681-015](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-015) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs of conducting judicial proceedings in English could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not share their language.
  > Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs involved with using English in judicial proceedings could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not speak the same language.
  Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681
- [617681-041](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-041) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Expert judges in national courts who cannot understand the arguments of lawyers before them or read documents written in another language may not be experts at all, so the American model of state appointed expert corporate judges does not transfer to multilingual Europe.
  > but in Europe "expert" judges in national courts who cannot understand the arguments of lawyers before them or who cannot read underlying documents written in another language may not be experts at all.
  Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/language-barriers.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.