{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/layer-1",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:layer-1",
 "name": "Layer 1",
 "termCode": "layer-1",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/layer-1.md",
 "sha256": "41a9d10b307176f91c4b20d647d166ed8f318389ca1cba22bdce7dc1b44352d8",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3799320-006",
   "text": "Working with suboptimal layer 1 blockchain solutions that carry high gas fees and low throughput delays the evolution of DAO infrastructure design, because innovation is inhibited by those layer 1 features.",
   "abstract": "Yet, working with suboptimal layer 1 blockchain solutions with high gas fees and low throughput delay the evolution of DAO infrastructure design as innovation and evolution is inhibited through suboptimal layer 1 features.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3799320",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "development anchored to first generation layer 1 networks"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c3dff852f2d3f04718c829a24189309a7db4d92d84f6045d3d4f562d87c03e63",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4796714-015",
   "text": "When decentralization at the Layer 1 level is compromised, the autonomy of the smart contracts deployed on that chain is compromised by affiliation, so smart contracts are corruptible in the current design and cannot reliably serve as neutral instruments of ethical AI governance.",
   "abstract": "When the decentralization of Layer 1 blockchains is compromised, the autonomy of smart contracts is inherently jeopardized, undermining their effectiveness as tools for ethical AI governance.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies where a few dominant parties influence the underlying Layer 1",
    "holds under current blockchain design as of 2024"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "59fa63bae179e8f9b6b8efbdf90cee28400276512a1b04f9f579a48641305c93",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5225296-006",
   "text": "SPoS shifts the burden of consensus from energy expenditure to validator reputation, measured against a baseline of over 140 terawatt-hours consumed annually by Bitcoin as of 2023.",
   "abstract": "140 terawatt-hours annually for Bitcoin alone as of 2023—SPoS shifts the burden of consensus to validator reputation",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Cryptographic Foundations and Interdisciplinary Dimensions of the Secure Proof of Stake (SPoS) Conse (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5225296",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "comparison against PoW chains such as Bitcoin"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "b2fec675d906334ad67e13b2d97261dc31e38061022867eb3f9ceadd95f4878d",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'layer-1'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}