{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/learning-process",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:learning-process",
 "name": "Learning process",
 "termCode": "learning-process",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/learning-process.md",
 "sha256": "71b1e986a119470db48b3336e55979a430fa851c539ca9acd735a08c82ce43ac",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 6
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2004",
    "2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-022",
   "text": "With an unbundled product more Member States might participate in regulatory competition over corporate law, which would speed up the learning process and likely result in better substantive corporate law.",
   "abstract": "With the unbundled product, more member states thus might participate in regulatory competition over corporate law, which would speed up the learning process76 and likely result in better substantive corporate law.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "New Institutional Economics framework in which experimentation drives learning"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-031",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-031",
   "text": "Because the judiciary in many European jurisdictions is a specialized career entered shortly after university and without significant private practice experience, European judges lack the practice background that facilitates learning to adjudicate complex corporate disputes.",
   "abstract": "the judiciary is a specialized career that one enters shortly after university training and without significant experience in private practice. Lack of practice experience does not facilitate learning how to adjudicate disputes arising out of complex corporate transactions.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "most EU Member States other than the United States model of lateral judicial appointment"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-020",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2267560-020",
   "text": "In the conventional NIE learning process, the requirements for rules and their adaptability to future states become clear only after stable and presumptively optimal rules have already emerged as suboptimal, so anticipation of future developments plays no role and learning is confined to learning from mistakes.",
   "abstract": "Anticipation of future developments does not play a role in this learning process.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Law Dynamic Regulation in a New Institutional Economics Framework (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2267560",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "conventional, non-dynamic learning process"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7ecc9dd1826121a95bf252476cdaa1c8737ad8079e12caf66c4342ffae7af8af",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-028",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2267560-028",
   "text": "The feedback process between public and private rulemakers increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker, which induces and supports a learning process and creates incentives for that learning.",
   "abstract": "The feedback process between public and private rulemakers increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker. This induces and supports the learning process for the public rulemaker.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Law Dynamic Regulation in a New Institutional Economics Framework (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2267560",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7ecc9dd1826121a95bf252476cdaa1c8737ad8079e12caf66c4342ffae7af8af",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2267560-035",
   "text": "The learning process in incomplete contract theory can be improved because experimentation with different rules, rule revision, and additional rulemaking create significant transaction costs, and postponing rulemaking until sufficient information is available may not always be possible or desirable.",
   "abstract": "Experimentation with different rules, rule revision, and additional rulemaking create significant transaction costs8 and postponing rulemaking until sufficient information is available may not always be possible or desirable.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Law Dynamic Regulation in a New Institutional Economics Framework (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2267560",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7ecc9dd1826121a95bf252476cdaa1c8737ad8079e12caf66c4342ffae7af8af",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-006",
   "text": "Under incomplete contract theory the rulemaking process is itself a learning process, and incomplete contracts are the instrument that carries that learning.",
   "abstract": "According to incomplete con- tract theory, the rulemaking process is a learning process facilitated by in- complete contracts17.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Dynamic Regulation via Governmental Contracts (2014)",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7320aec036ccf2f6739f0854ea8749903e8902e77c2ec39543b64b358459c408",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "6 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'learning-process'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}