{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/legal-doctrine",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:legal-doctrine",
 "name": "Legal doctrine",
 "termCode": "legal-doctrine",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/legal-doctrine.md",
 "sha256": "f8427b870db8ce1dde7ad2f032f8f1e24c2eff6546d5c3b128e7832f38036b01",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2018"
   ]
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-003",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-003",
   "text": "Without a workable duty of oversight, corporate directors who seek to comply with the oversight duty lack meaningful guidance about the conduct expected of them.",
   "abstract": "Without a workable duty of oversight, corporate directors seeking to comply with the oversight duty lack meaningful guidance as to the expected conduct.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "doctrine of oversight remains immature and incoherent"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-021",
   "text": "Increasing oversight liability would give courts an opportunity to clarify the oversight doctrine, so that it could evolve into a mature and coherent doctrine rather than remaining immature and incoherent.",
   "abstract": "With an increase in liability, courts would also have an opportunity to clarify the oversight doctrine.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "more oversight suits reach the merits"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2939127-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2939127-011",
   "text": "Legal Tech's disruptive innovation combined with the principles of the sharing economy requires lawyers and lawmakers to reevaluate their understanding of many areas of law.",
   "abstract": "Legal Tech's disruptive innovation in combination with the principles established by the sharing economy require lawyers and lawmakers to reevaluate their understanding of many areas of the law.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "areas of law touched by sharing and decentralized peer to peer platforms"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "abcef529c7200261c59eec43018375b3b26e3186239fb9d002bacc298dba26ff",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3227967-022",
   "text": "Smart contract use scales with device connectivity: the more devices are connected to each other, the more smart contracts will be used to execute and enforce legal transactions, and they are already disrupting traditional legal assumptions, doctrines and concepts.",
   "abstract": "The more devices are connected to each other, the more \"smart contracts\" will be used to execute and enforce \"legal transactions.\" There is no doubt that smart contracts are already disrupting traditional legal assumptions, doctrines, and concepts.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227967",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "growth of the Internet of Things"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "f6e13b956f864ab32ec3305d095a35a127770327d75b3688f785cefc437d369f",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'legal-doctrine'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}