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 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/legal-incentives",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:legal-incentives",
 "name": "Legal incentives",
 "termCode": "legal-incentives",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3981021-001",
   "text": "Existing legal incentives in many jurisdictions produce so called Zombie Charities, with the consequence that donative intent often cannot be optimally fulfilled.",
   "abstract": "Existing legal incentives often lead to so called Zombie Charities in many jurisdictions. The donative intent can therefore often not be optimally fulfilled.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "jurisdictions whose legal incentives favor endowment preservation"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9d8bc78d119c780c96c89ce3e820f4ac8b037d39b3ade59feb4e40d46b048288",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-007",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3981021-007",
   "text": "Because boards and donors seek to preserve endowments rather than spend them, funds accrue tax free long after the donor has taken the deduction, which runs counter to the spirit of the rules governing charitable deductions and may contribute to harmful inefficiency.",
   "abstract": "Rather than funds being employed immediately, the funds are allowed to accrue tax free. 49 This may run counter to the spirit of the rules governing charitable deductions and may contribute to harmful inefficiency.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "jurisdictions granting an immediate deduction with deferred payout obligations"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3981021-008",
   "text": "Although the five percent annual payout is only a legal minimum for foundations under 2021 law, many boards treat five percent as the default rule, which entrenches minimal disbursement.",
   "abstract": "As the law stands in 2021, foundations are only required to spend 5% of their assets a year.51 Although this is a minimum requirement for foundations, many boards view 5% as the default rule.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States private foundations as of 2021"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9d8bc78d119c780c96c89ce3e820f4ac8b037d39b3ade59feb4e40d46b048288",
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 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'legal-incentives'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}