{
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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/liability-standards",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:liability-standards",
 "name": "Liability standards",
 "termCode": "liability-standards",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2013"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-008",
   "text": "Delaware's signalling of expected conduct is undermined when the state simultaneously imposes a near insurmountable standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.",
   "abstract": "Most importantly, Professor Fairfax explains why, while Delaware law may signal the most appropriate standard of conduct, 15 Delaware's signaling of expected conduct is undermined if it imposes a near insurmountable standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Delaware as the signalling jurisdiction",
    "oversight breach claims"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-019",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-019",
   "text": "Delaware's signalling of expected conduct could be dramatically improved by adopting a moderate rather than near insurmountable standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.",
   "abstract": "signaling of expected conduct29 could be dramatically improved with a moderate standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States, Delaware corporate law",
    "breaches of the duty of oversight"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
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  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-022",
   "text": "Increased liability is no panacea and cannot alone adequately address the central shortcomings of the duty of oversight and of corporate governance in the United States, because heightened liability does not give part-time outside directors the capacity to monitor complex corporations.",
   "abstract": "Increased liability is no panacea and cannot, alone adequately address the central shortcomings of the duty of oversight and corporate governance in the United States that Professor Fairfax identifies.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "large and increasingly complex corporations",
    "directors serving part time as outsiders"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ac5c955fe01209c54c78c4575c0b8bf570e5f1259c3f855510697cf51a32e59a",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-023",
   "text": "Cost increases and path dependencies may make it nearly impossible to relax the close to insurmountable standard for liability in oversight cases.",
   "abstract": "Moreover, cost increases and path dependencies may make it nearly impossible to relax the close to insurmountable standard for liability in oversight cases.",
   "citation": "Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States corporate law",
    "existing liability regime already entrenched"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'liability-standards'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}