{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/litigation-costs",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:litigation-costs",
 "name": "Litigation costs",
 "termCode": "litigation-costs",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
    "2010",
    "2014"
   ]
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-032",
   "text": "If Congress enacts section 7216, EU investors will on the whole probably earn a lower return on their investments than they otherwise would, because the substantial costs the US litigation system imposes on EU companies will be passed on to investors.",
   "abstract": "enacts section 7216, EU investors will, on the whole probably, earn",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "enactment of section 7216",
    "costs of US litigation borne by EU issuers"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-004",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2486570-004",
   "text": "Once prosecutors have investigated and identified corporate wrongdoing, non and deferred prosecution agreements let them avoid an expensive trial against a sophisticated and well funded corporate defendant, which is one reason both sides have strong incentives to settle.",
   "abstract": "prosecutors have investigated and identified corporate wrongdoing, they can use N/DPAs to avoid an expensive trial against a sophisticated and well-funded cor- porate defendant.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'litigation-costs'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}