{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/liveness",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:liveness",
 "name": "Liveness",
 "termCode": "liveness",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/liveness.md",
 "sha256": "72ac1c022a17cd8caea20cba938616692cbe34ae08f88112d4a6f2dd2cccd5cf",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 1
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2018",
    "2018"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3125827-008",
   "text": "Given that Byzantine faults are inevitable in a distributed system, the known impossibility results force any consensus protocol to hedge: it can promise only a probability of finality and security, and that probability is inversely proportional to liveness and speed.",
   "abstract": "Given the inevitable possibility of Byzantine faults in a distributed system, such results require any protocol to hedge, promising only a probability of finality and security inversely proportional to liveness and speed.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "asynchronous distributed networks",
    "presence of Byzantine faults"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-010",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3125827-010",
   "text": "If a blockchain cannot restart or regenerate autonomously after going offline or losing most active nodes, it needs social coordination between nodes; that requirement threatens anonymity and forces reliance on famous nodes.",
   "abstract": "can the blockchain restart or regenerate autonomously13? Or is there a need for social coordination between the nodes? If so, anonymity is threatened and famous nodes are required.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "blockchain goes offline for a long period or has too few active nodes"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'liveness'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}