{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/majority-rule",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:majority-rule",
 "name": "Majority rule",
 "termCode": "majority-rule",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/majority-rule.md",
 "sha256": "cd1708f2f9ce8d390156e836a705d8ea7b81c5fae659c6524b30c79fea2c7cd7",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
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   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 4
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2017",
    "2021"
   ]
  },
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   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-032",
   "text": "Because shareholder agreements are designed to displace corporate formalities such as majority rule, it is reasonable to require that the intended degree of deviation be set out explicitly in the agreement.",
   "abstract": "When a shareholder agreement is included in the corporate charter or bylaws, it becomes subject to amendment as provided therein or by statute.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "agreements that deviate from default corporate norms"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3709041-021",
   "text": "Majority rule in a microdemocracy can produce discrimination, because a majority that is itself unaffected by a rule it enacts can impose a disproportionate burden on the minority the rule does affect.",
   "abstract": "Similarly, majority rule may mean discrimination of the minority. A majority that is unaffected by a rule they instantiate may have a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected by the change in the rules.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Blockchain Technology for Good (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3709041",
   "datePublished": "2020",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to majority rule voting in microdemocratic systems"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "5216a7bca45a48e3bef11ec524936e66af737c0fd66271e9f6866dc20a4482cc",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782214-008",
   "text": "Fundamental rule changes in a large decentralized organization are typically demanded when a large minority is treated unfairly, which means the advantaged majority has no incentive to make the change; the resulting deadlock leaves revolution or a network split as the only route to foundational change.",
   "abstract": "When a large decentralized organization needs a fundamental rule change, it of- ten happens because a large minority subgroup is being treated unfairly. That typically means the majority is advantaged by the rules and are therefore not incentivized to change the rules.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Governance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782214",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "large decentralized organizations",
    "rules that advantage the majority"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ba892bb200c1455447c0014f5067a501a93ea9ec413c31942d95952eb3bdfd9d",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808867-017",
   "text": "Majority rule in microdemocratic systems can produce discrimination against minorities, because a majority that is itself unaffected by a rule it instantiates can impose a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected.",
   "abstract": "Similarly, majority rule may mean discrimination of the minority. A majority that is unaffected by a rule they instantiate may have a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected by the change in the rules.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "majority rule voting systems"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "eeccf6d0587bd278a96ce6ac8ec5003e26d161c245f6c94b4144d84f374802eb",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'majority-rule'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}