# Majority rule

`kaal:entity:majority-rule`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 4 claims that carry the concept tag `majority-rule`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

4 claims across 4 works, 2017 to 2021.

**2017**

- [3017612-032](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-032) [normative/argued] -- Because shareholder agreements are designed to displace corporate formalities such as majority rule, it is reasonable to require that the intended degree of deviation be set out explicitly in the agreement.
  > When a shareholder agreement is included in the corporate charter or bylaws, it becomes subject to amendment as provided therein or by statute.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612

**2020**

- [3709041-021](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-021) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Majority rule in a microdemocracy can produce discrimination, because a majority that is itself unaffected by a rule it enacts can impose a disproportionate burden on the minority the rule does affect.
  > Similarly, majority rule may mean discrimination of the minority. A majority that is unaffected by a rule they instantiate may have a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected by the change in the rules.
  Kaal, Blockchain Technology for Good (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3709041

**2021**

- [3782214-008](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-008) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Fundamental rule changes in a large decentralized organization are typically demanded when a large minority is treated unfairly, which means the advantaged majority has no incentive to make the change; the resulting deadlock leaves revolution or a network split as the only route to foundational change.
  > When a large decentralized organization needs a fundamental rule change, it of- ten happens because a large minority subgroup is being treated unfairly. That typically means the majority is advantaged by the rules and are therefore not incentivized to change the rules.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Governance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782214
- [3808867-017](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-017) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Majority rule in microdemocratic systems can produce discrimination against minorities, because a majority that is itself unaffected by a rule it instantiates can impose a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected.
  > Similarly, majority rule may mean discrimination of the minority. A majority that is unaffected by a rule they instantiate may have a discriminatory impact on a minority that is disproportionately affected by the change in the rules.
  Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/majority-rule.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.