{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/marketing-budget",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:marketing-budget",
 "name": "Marketing budget",
 "termCode": "marketing-budget",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/marketing-budget.md",
 "sha256": "fb52ba7de5541fba520c5f9df7b42a09b2647785030c77542a948e0dbf7f7c89",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2025",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5454054-008",
   "text": "Funding LER rewards out of marketing budgets keeps them off the balance sheet, because marketing spend is expensed immediately under U.S. GAAP (ASC 606) and IFRS 15 rather than deferred as revenue the way traditional loyalty points are.",
   "abstract": "LER optimizes issuer benefits by funding rewards from issuers' marketing budgets. As such, they are treated as immediate expenses under U.S. GAAP (ASC 606) and IFRS 15. This avoids balance sheet liabilities associated with traditional loyalty points' deferred revenue.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5454054",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "rewards funded from marketing budgets rather than issued as redeemable obligations"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9f53a865e6f0e5424640779df8f9b50923cd7d05649301dd4cc727144749b6e6",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5454054-011",
   "text": "LER converts marketing expenditure into shareholder value by redirecting budgets from conventional advertising, whose returns are indirect and uncertain, into voucher rewards that flow directly to shareholders.",
   "abstract": "Instead of allocating budgets to conventional advertising campaigns with indirect or uncertain returns, in the LER system, companies can channel these resources into LER-based voucher rewards that directly benefit shareholders.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5454054",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "listed companies with discretionary marketing budgets"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9f53a865e6f0e5424640779df8f9b50923cd7d05649301dd4cc727144749b6e6",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5583610-009",
   "text": "Because LER rewards are funded out of marketing budgets at roughly one to five cents per holder-day and expensed immediately under U.S. GAAP, the program avoids the balance sheet drag that conventional loyalty liabilities create.",
   "abstract": "LER avoids balance-sheet drags and streamlines finances by using marketing budgets at a modest $0.01–0.05 per holder-day and expensed upfront under U.S. GAAP.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "U.S. GAAP reporting issuers",
    "rewards funded as marketing expense"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d73609d95ddb1573acc2a9e7af617fbe6283d6e591deb6317f6d5d804517c62",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'marketing-budget'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}