{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/national-law",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:national-law",
 "name": "National law",
 "termCode": "national-law",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "additionalProperty": [
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-004",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-004",
   "text": "National courts and national law cannot be excluded from smart contract disputes, because almost all legal systems grant contracting parties an emergency or exorbitant jurisdiction whenever a party can show it would otherwise have no forum in which to bring its action.",
   "abstract": "The jurisdiction of a national court and the application of national law to disputes arising from smart contracts cannot be excluded because almost all legal systems provide the parties to contracts with an emergency jurisdiction",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "a party can prove it would otherwise be unable to bring its action",
    "jurisdiction typically anchored in nationality, registered office, or place of performance"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-013",
   "text": "A constructive balance to the inherent and unavoidable centralized character of national law cannot be achieved by imposing uniform legal standards on digital assets, because uniformity privileges the centralist features of law over the decentralized, permissionless nature of blockchain.",
   "abstract": "We argue that a constructive balance to the inherent and unavoidable centralized characteristics of national law cannot be found in imposing uniform legal standards on digital assets as this favors the centralist features of law to the decentralized, permissionless nature of blockchain.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "cross-jurisdictional governance of digital assets",
    "permissionless blockchain systems"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'national-law'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}