{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/network-topology",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:network-topology",
 "name": "Network topology",
 "termCode": "network-topology",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/network-topology.md",
 "sha256": "bf30883cfc56fd79d0c2ddd6caafd8e1e1211e97d4c0df1f668addfe57082dde",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
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 "subjectOf": [
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-024",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782191-024",
   "text": "The widely reproduced diagram contrasting centralized, decentralized, and distributed networks is a shallow and wrong answer to what decentralization means, because decentralized networks are always distributed while distributed networks may or may not be under centralized control, so distributed does not belong in the comparison.",
   "abstract": "Decentralized networks are always distributed; distributed networks may or may not be under centralized control. So \"distributed\" doesn't even belong in the same image.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Preface to (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782191",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "explanations of distributed computing, blockchain, and Web3"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "b0bf0529c3cf69839879bc4da476714efee2717a4beb768bd5c859b810e6174e",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4941807-013",
   "text": "The rigid communication topology of federated learning, which requires constant coordination among numerous nodes, produces inefficiencies and does not adapt easily to dynamic network conditions or node failures.",
   "abstract": "Moreover, the rigid communication topology in FL, which typically requires constant coordination between numerous nodes, can lead to inefficiencies and does not easily adapt to dynamic network conditions or node failures.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance Via Web3 Reputation System (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4941807",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "in federated learning architectures requiring constant node coordination",
    "under fluctuating network conditions or node failure"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ab66c1e99a88da1fa36b0c6b536df5184231fe6aa427f3dd53287a4e0ac79853",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'network-topology'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}