{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/normalization",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:normalization",
 "name": "Normalization",
 "termCode": "normalization",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "additionalProperty": [
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   "value": 2
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   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2017",
    "2026"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-032",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3002908-032",
   "text": "Raw country level counts overstate American leadership: normalizing by population shows roughly 7.5 million people per blockchain fund in the United States against roughly 2.8 million in the United Kingdom, so the distribution across countries is more even than the map suggests.",
   "abstract": "Although the map suggests that the United States is heavily invested in blockchain, in comparison with other countries we see a more even distribution between countries than the map would suggest.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002908",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "43 US funds against a population of roughly 321 million; 23 UK funds against roughly 65 million"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "06a7b61e75f905ee07e422e875d83a65c5033a248a6e05a213523b034e5db534",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-024",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:6192998-024",
   "text": "Citations should be mandatory and constrained to sum to one, which prevents arbitrary weighting, and citation honesty should be established as a game theoretic equilibrium rather than assumed.",
   "abstract": "but with critical additions: (1) citations are mandatory and constrained to sum to 1, preventing arbitrary weighting, and (2) we provide game-theoretic analysis establishing citation honesty as an equilibrium (see Section IV.E).",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Domain-Specific Reputation Systems From Binary Validation to Citation-Weighted Knowledge Attribution (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6192998",
   "datePublished": "2026",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
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   "source_pdf_sha256": "b04292561ee041e0c9eaa7eca28a410ed440e76a95743a539361a3f76c97f2b3",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'normalization'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}