{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/ownership",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:ownership",
 "name": "Ownership",
 "termCode": "ownership",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/ownership.md",
 "sha256": "b466aad3390beaa213ad379148719aa0ed4f8cc5c38071ba77d86b470b89ae40",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 5
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2019",
    "2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-007",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3411110-007",
   "text": "Because direct ownership on a blockchain removes the need for the Depository Trust Corporation to hold the certificate and for a broker to record beneficial ownership, agency costs can be cut and ownership clarity increases.",
   "abstract": "By establishing a system that makes the DTC obsolete, agency costs have the potential to be cut and clarity surrounding ownership will increase.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "direct registration of ownership on the ledger",
    "no third party custodian"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c7626eeb7642045b79f8745df1f7232a8fe8bc44a1f7e87b592850e35b392b50",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3709041-009",
   "text": "Decentralism, unlike capitalism and socialism, does not resolve who owns assets but rather calls the concept of ownership itself into question and reorients the question toward the largest possible utility of assets for humankind.",
   "abstract": "decentralism calls the concept of ownership into question and focuses on the largest possible utility of assets for human kind.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Blockchain Technology for Good (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3709041",
   "datePublished": "2020",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "5216a7bca45a48e3bef11ec524936e66af737c0fd66271e9f6866dc20a4482cc",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-037",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3936876-037",
   "text": "While the majority of cryptocurrency spot exchanges require ownership to be surrendered in order to transact, decentralized exchanges introduce the ability for users to transact without exposing their private keys to vulnerability.",
   "abstract": "While the majority of cryptocurrency spot exchanges require ownership to be surrendered in order to transact, DEXs are introducing the ability for users to transact without exposing private keys to vulnerability.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "comparison of centralized spot exchanges with DEXs"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-026",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4529715-026",
   "text": "Many DAO platforms accept the idea that they must first build a centralized organization and decentralize later once proper protocols are in place, but this mindset undermines the power and accessibility to ownership that is the foundation of a DAO.",
   "abstract": "Many platforms seem to agree with the idea that they must first create a centralized organization that will later become decentralized once they implement proper protocols and procedures. This mindset, however, undermines the power and ultimate accessibility to ownership",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Josh Bykowski, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) – A Market Meta Analysis (2023). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4529715",
   "datePublished": "2023",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "platforms that plan phased decentralization"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d71961e8c449afbeaf45ca4f53de8a575d45c77d6960b767d3d1d0874f296b5",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-027",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4529715-027",
   "text": "Meaningful accessibility in a DAO is impossible if voting rights and ownership are merely passive purchasable assets, no different from traditional stock.",
   "abstract": "accessibility will not be possible if voting rights and ownership are merely passive purchasable assets, not unlike traditional stock today.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Josh Bykowski, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) – A Market Meta Analysis (2023). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4529715",
   "datePublished": "2023",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "purchasable governance tokens"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d71961e8c449afbeaf45ca4f53de8a575d45c77d6960b767d3d1d0874f296b5",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "5 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'ownership'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}