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 "name": "Peer to peer",
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  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2922176-003",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2922176-003",
   "text": "Platform disruptors such as Uber and Airbnb did not decentralize their industries by eliminating intermediaries; they decentralized by replacing incumbent intermediaries with algorithmic ones.",
   "abstract": "industries respectively not by eliminating intermediaries but by replacing them.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, The ‘Unmediated’ and ‘Tech-Driven’ Corporate Governance of Today's Winning Companies (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2922176",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2922176-019",
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   "text": "Platform companies embrace an unmediated, flat, and inclusive culture in which trust and value are generated through the platform itself rather than through the management of workers and physical assets.",
   "abstract": "Most importantly, platform companies embrace an unmediated, flat, and inclusive culture.72 Trust and value are created through platforms, instead of the management of workers and physical assets.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, The ‘Unmediated’ and ‘Tech-Driven’ Corporate Governance of Today's Winning Companies (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2922176",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Peer-to-peer transactions are possible because a distributed consensus model has network nodes verify, validate and audit transactions before and after execution, and this is often safer than routing transactions through a single trusted third-party intermediary.",
   "abstract": "\"Peer-to-peer\" transactions are possible because the technology uses a \"distributed consensus model\" where the network \"nodes\" verify, validate and audit transactions before and after they are executed.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Why 'Blockchain' Will Disrupt Corporate Organizations (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227933",
   "datePublished": "2018",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-028",
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   "text": "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations have begun to challenge the core belief that governance necessitates agency, because blockchain enables the removal of agents as intermediaries through code, peer-to-peer connectivity, crowds, and collaboration.",
   "abstract": "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have started to challenge the core believe that governance necessitates agency.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393",
   "datePublished": "2019",
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   "text": "Blockchain technology incentivizes direct transactions between creator and consumer, including compensation, which eliminates the need for intermediation.",
   "abstract": "The technology incentivizes direct transactions, including compensation, between the creator and consumer, eliminating the need for intermediation.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Blockchain Technology for Good (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3709041",
   "datePublished": "2020",
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   "text": "An open source design is necessary to run any program in a peer to peer environment, because decentralization means the source code must be shared by all if it is not controlled centrally.",
   "abstract": "An open source design is necessary to run any program in a PRP environment, because decentralization means the source code needs to be shared by all if it isn't controlled centrally.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Future of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782201",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "In peer to peer systems the redundant and eternal storage of the blockchain takes the place of the central bank.",
   "abstract": "In P]P, the redundant and eternal storage of the blockchain takes the place of the central bank.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Eight Institutions for the Evolution of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782205",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "The transition from client-server computing to peer-to-peer networking was the most significant step in the evolution of decentralized technology, because removing centralized hosts lets nodes make disk storage, bandwidth, and processing power directly available to each other.",
   "abstract": "The transition from a traditional client-server computing architecture to a peer-to-peer networking architecture was the most significant step toward the evolution of decentralized technology.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization and Feedback Effects (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808852",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "Network effects proliferate in peer-to-peer networks because, unlike client-server architecture with linearly increasing per-unit costs, peer-to-peer network costs decrease with each added node.",
   "abstract": "Network effects proliferate in peer-to-peer networks because, unlike the traditional client-server architecture which is subject to the linearly increasing per-unit costs, the peer-to-peer network costs decrease with each added node.",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-006",
   "text": "Digitization was the precondition for peer-to-peer transactions at scale, and the digital transformation of business enabled, for the first time in history, decentralized production at lower cost.",
   "abstract": "Digitization was a precursor to peer-to-peer transactions at scale. Correspondingly, the digital transformation of business enabled for the first time in history a form of decentralized production at lower cost.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-009",
   "text": "Peer-to-peer architecture inverts the role of the audience: higher demand for a file produces more seeding nodes, which lowers the per-file delivery cost, whereas in client-server architecture demand consumes bandwidth proportionally.",
   "abstract": "By contrast, in the peer-to-peer network, higher demand for a file triggers higher levels of seeding nodes for the high demand file. The higher seeding level for the file lowers the delivery cost for each distributed file.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-010",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-010",
   "text": "A peer-to-peer computing architecture is more efficient than client-server because client-server carries linearly increasing per-unit costs while peer-to-peer costs fall with each added node, which also leaves the traditional architecture more exposed to competition.",
   "abstract": "The traditional client-server architecture is subject to the linearly increasing per-unit costs whereas with a peer-to-peer network, cost decreasse with each added node.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "Distributed routing makes a peer-to-peer network resistant to shutdown: BitTorrent could not be taken down even when authorities shut down specific servers, because nodes could update their own routing tables indefinitely.",
   "abstract": "Even if government authorities shut down specific servers, the BitTorrent network could not be shut down because nodes could update their own routing tables indefinitely.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-015",
   "text": "The networked information economy, built on peer-to-peer exchange of information, may be replacing the centralized industrial information economy of the late nineteenth century, because cheaper access to information enables a much greater role for decentralized individual action.",
   "abstract": "Based on the proliferating peer-to-peer exchange of information, the networked information economy may be replacing the centralized industrial information economy of the late-nineteenth century.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-037",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808859-037",
   "text": "Future peer-to-peer networks will thrive on dissimilarity rather than redundancy: nodes contributing dissimilar resources and capabilities let the network perform tasks no individual peer could perform, and making those capabilities available to all nodes attracts further nodes.",
   "abstract": "future peer-to-peer computing networks will thrive by adding nodes to the network that contribute dissimilar resources and capabilities to the decentralized community of nodes.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
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   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "contrasted with current nodes that share resources while doing rather similar tasks"
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 ],
 "description": "15 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'peer-to-peer'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}